过华清宫绝句三首·其一
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唐代]：杜牧
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长安回望绣成堆，山顶千门次第开。
一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来。
过华清宫绝句三首·其一译文及注释
译文
在长安回头远望骊山宛如一堆堆锦绣，山顶上华清宫千重门依次打开。
一骑驰来烟尘滚滚妃子欢心一笑，无人知道是南方送了荔枝鲜果来。
注释
华清宫：《元和郡县志》：“华清宫在骊山上，开元十一年初置温泉宫。天宝六年改为华清宫。又造长生殿，名为集灵台，以祀神也。”
绣成堆：骊山右侧有东绣岭，左侧有西绣岭。唐玄宗在岭上广种林木花卉，郁郁葱葱。
千门：形容山顶宫殿壮丽，门户众多。次第：依次。
红尘：这里指飞扬的尘土。妃子：指杨贵妃。乐史《杨太真外传》：上曰：“赏名花，对妃子，焉用旧乐词！”《新唐书·李贵妃传》：“妃嗜荔枝，必欲生致之，乃置骑传送，走数千里，味未变已至京师。”《唐国史补》：“杨贵妃生于蜀，好食荔枝，南海所生，尤胜蜀者，故每岁飞驰以进。然方暑而熟，经宿则败，后人皆不知之。”按：此诗或为写意之作，意在讽刺玄宗宠妃之事，不可一一求诸史实。在唐代，岭南荔枝无法运到长安一带，故自苏轼即言“此时荔枝自涪州致之，非岭南也”（《通鉴唐纪》注）。而荔枝成熟的季节，玄宗和贵妃必不在骊山。玄宗每年冬十月进驻华清宫，次年春即回长安。《程氏考古编》亦辨其谬，近人陈寅恪亦复考证之。
知是：一作“知道”。
参考资料：
1、彭定求 等．全唐诗（下）．上海：上海古籍出版社，1986：1320
2、于海娣 等．唐诗鉴赏大全集．北京：中国华侨出版社，2010：373-374
3、吴鸥．杜牧诗文选译．成都：巴蜀书社，1991：122-123
过华清宫绝句三首·其一创作背景
这三首诗是杜牧经过骊山华清宫时有感而作。华清宫是唐玄宗开元十一年（723年）修建的行宫，唐玄宗和杨贵妃曾在那里寻欢作乐。后代有许多诗人写过以华清宫为题的咏史诗，而杜牧《过华清宫绝句三首》是其中的名作。
过华清宫绝句三首·其一鉴赏
此诗通过送荔枝这一典型事件，鞭挞了玄宗与杨贵妃骄奢淫逸的生活，有着以微见著的艺术效果，精妙绝伦，脍炙人口。
起句描写华清宫所在地骊山的景色。诗人从长安“回望”的角度来写，犹如电影摄影师，在观众面前先展现一个广阔深远的骊山全景：林木葱茏，花草繁茂，宫殿楼阁耸立其间，宛如团团锦绣。“绣成堆”，既指骊山两旁的东绣岭、西绣岭，又是形容骊山的美不胜收，语意双关。
接着，场景向前推进，展现出山顶上那座雄伟壮观的行宫。平日紧闭的宫门忽然一道接着一道缓缓地打开了。接下来，又是两个特写镜头：宫外，一名专使骑着驿马风驰电掣般疾奔而来，身后扬起一团团红尘；宫内，妃子嫣然而笑了。几个镜头貌似互不相关，却都包蕴着诗人精心安排的悬念：“千门”因何而开？“一骑”为何而来？“妃子”又因何而笑？诗人故意不忙说出，直至紧张而神秘的气氛憋得读者非想知道不可时，才含蓄委婉地揭示谜底：“无人知是荔枝来。”“荔枝”两字，透出事情的原委。《新唐书·杨贵妃传》：“妃嗜荔枝，必欲生致之，乃置骑传送，走数千里，味未变，已至京师。”明于此，那么前面的悬念顿然而释，那几个镜头便自然而然地联成一体了。
吴乔《围炉诗话》说：“诗贵有含蓄不尽之意，尤以不著意见声色故事议论者为最上。”杜牧这首诗的艺术魅力就在于含蓄、精深，诗不明白说出玄宗的荒淫好色，贵妃的恃宠而骄，而形象地用“一骑红尘”与“妃子笑”构成鲜明的对比，就收到了比直抒己见强烈得多的艺术效果。“妃子笑”三字颇有深意。春秋时周幽王为博妃子一笑，点燃烽火，导致国破身亡。读到这里时，读者是很容易联想到这个尽人皆知的故事。“无人知”三字也发人深思。其实“荔枝来”并非绝无人知，至少“妃子”知，“一骑”知，还有一个诗中没有点出的皇帝更是知道的。这样写，意在说明此事重大紧急，外人无由得知，这就不仅揭露了皇帝为讨宠妃欢心无所不为的荒唐，也与前面渲染的不寻常的气氛相呼应。全诗不用难字，不使典故，不事雕琢，朴素自然，寓意精深，含蓄有力，是唐人咏史绝句中的佳作。
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佚名《
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召公谏厉王弭谤》
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马致远《
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寿阳曲·远浦帆归》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧（公元803－约852年），字牧之，号樊川居士，汉族，京兆万年（今陕西西安）人，唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”，以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅，故后世称“杜樊川”，著有《樊川文集》。
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